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The tip of the iceberg
All psychiatry in Cape Town was under-resourced, under-staffed
and under-funded, but this seemed to be most evident, or perhaps
just most upsetting, in Child and Adolescent psychiatry. An
excellent service is provided by the multi-disciplinary team of the
Red Cross Children’s Hospital, but more than anywhere else I saw,
they could only address the very tip of a very large iceberg.
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The complexity of child and adolescent
psychiatric need was vast. This was unsurprising, in conditions of
extreme poverty, uprooting of family structures by premature death
(often HIV, TB or trauma-related) and economic migration – most
patients did not know their fathers and many were raised by
extended family or friends. Some of the need related to other
issues I had already encountered such as tik abuse, foetal
alcohol syndrome and deprivation – leading to dropping out of
school and involvement with gangs. Other problems were more broadly
and complexly associated with the violent history of South Africa
and its current struggle to leave its past behind.
In 2000, South Africa had the world’s highest
per capita rape rate, with one in three surveyed women reporting
rape in the past year. With a 40% lifetime risk, a South African
woman has a higher chance of being raped than completing secondary
school. Rates of sexual violence against babies and children are
also extremely high, with 67,000 reported incidents per year
representing a fraction of unreported abuse. It has been argued
that one factor is a widespread myth that sex with a virgin can
cure a man of AIDS, though its extent has not been quantified. The
legacy of sexual violence was evident among patients I met, and
nowhere so extensively as in child and adolescent psychiatry.
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One thirteen year-old girl fortunate to
receive extensive multi-disciplinary treatment as an inpatient had
psychotic symptoms, low self esteem, obsessional traits, self harm,
mood disorder and dissociative symptoms, with a long history of
sexual abuse and inconsistent parenting. While her home environment
was unsafe, she spent her weekends there and often returned with
much of her progress undone after two days in the township. Poems
she wrote about the abuse she had suffered provided a small insight
into some of the trauma experienced at such a young age. The team
worked tirelessly with her challenging behaviour, to support her as
she went through puberty and tried to cope with her childhood past
– though still a child. Ultimately though, she was to be
discharged back into a violent, risky home environment – since
there were so many boys and girls just like her, in grave need of
one of the few inpatient beds available. The team did amazing work
with her, but it really was the tip of the iceberg. The ability of
the CAMHS team to work non-judgementally with parents with as many
social and psychiatric problems as their children was truly
powerful to watch.
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I will never forget
my four weeks in Cape Town and hope, as I progress in Medicine,
that I can make some small difference to the enormity of the
problem that exists below the surface of what can currently be
addressed. Organisations that extend some of the benefits of
healthcare in the West to assist sustainable development will, I
hope, work towards a world in which the scope of care offered is
not so unequal on the other side of the world.
My elective experience was one of contrasting
frustration, sadness and regret, with inspiration and even hope. I
could leave each day thinking how much more could be done with just
a little more – another psychiatrist, another clinic, a little more
funding for a few more psychiatric medications or psychological
therapies. Or I could leave thinking how much was achieved with so
little, how life-changing the treatment in the face of such
unimaginable deprivation, suffering and trauma.
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Even on a more optimistic day, there was no
denying the sheer magnitude of inequality and plain unfairness of
life in Cape Town – and the Western Cape is the country’s most
prosperous province. How, as a doctor, do you get up each day and
go to work in this context? The 19th century French
quotation adopted as Valkenberg Hospital’s motto stays with me, as
I approach the start of my medical career, in the magnificently
privileged NHS environment. Sometimes to cure, often to relieve,
always to comfort.
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About this blog

Roxanne Keynejad is a final year graduate entry Medicine student
at King's College London, having studied a first degree in
Psychology with Philiosophy at the University of Oxford.
She is spending four weeks of her elective
studying psychiatry at Groote Schuur and Valkenberg Hospitals, Cape
Town, for which she received bursaries from the Royal
College of Psychiatrists elective bursary fund and the Institute of
Medical Ethics.
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