Postpartum psychosis

This information is written for anyone who has:

  • a high risk of postpartum psychosis because of previous mental health problems
  • had, or is recovering from, a postpartum psychosis
  • had postpartum psychosis before, and is pregnant again
  • a family history of postpartum psychosis.

It may also be useful to:

  • the partners, family and friends of people above
  • anyone who wants to know more about mental health problems after childbirth.

Disclaimer

This leaflet provides information, not advice.

The content in this leaflet is provided for general information only. It is not intended to, and does not, mount to advice which you should rely on. It is not in any way an alternative to specific advice.

You must therefore obtain the relevant professional or specialist advice before taking, or refraining from, any action based on the information in this leaflet.

If you have questions about any medical matter, you should consult your doctor or other professional healthcare provider without delay.

If you think you are experiencing any medical condition you should seek immediate medical attention from a doctor or other professional healthcare provider.

Although we make reasonable efforts to compile accurate information in our leaflets and to update the information in our leaflets, we make no representations, warranties or guarantees, whether express or implied, that the content in this leaflet is accurate, complete or up to date.

Postpartum psychosis (or puerperal psychosis) is a severe mental illness. It starts suddenly in the days, or weeks, after having a baby. Symptoms vary, and can change rapidly. They can include high mood (mania), depression, confusion, hallucinations and delusions.1-2  It is a psychiatric emergency - you should seek help as quickly as possible.

It can happen to any woman and often occurs ‘out of the blue’, even if you have not been ill before. It can be a frightening experience for a mother, her partner, friends and family. It can last several weeks or longer – but you will usually recover fully. 

It is much less common than baby blues or postnatal depression. About 1 in every 1000 women (0.1%) who have a baby3 will have a postpartum psychosis.

Many mothers have mild mood changes and many different emotions after having a baby. 

Baby blues affects more than half of new mothers.4 It usually starts 3 to 4 days after birth. Your mood swings up and down, you burst into tears easily. You can feel irritable, low and anxious at times. You may also over-react to things. It usually stops by the time your baby is about 10 days old. You don’t need any treatment for baby blues.

There are several different mental health problems that can happen after birth which do need treatment. These include:

Postnatal depression affects 10 to 15 in every 100 women after childbirth.5 The symptoms are similar to those in depression at other times – low mood, poor sleep, lack of energy, lack of appetite and negative thoughts, and they go on for more than 2 weeks.  It can vary from mild to very severe. See our page on postnatal depression.

Postpartum psychosis is a severe illness and can start in different ways. You can have symptoms of depression or mania (see our leaflet on bipolar disorder) or a mixture of these. Symptoms can change very quickly from hour to hour and from one day to the next. 

These are some of the symptoms of postpartum psychosis: 

  •  feeling ‘high’, ‘manic’ or ‘on top of the world’.
  • low mood and tearfulness.
  • anxiety or irritability.
  • rapid changes in mood.
  • severe confusion.
  • being restless and agitated.
  • racing thoughts.
  • behaviour that is out of character.
  • being more talkative, active and sociable than usual.
  • being very withdrawn and not talking to people.
  • finding it hard to sleep, or not wanting to sleep.
  • losing your inhibitions, doing things you usually would not do.
  • feeling paranoid, suspicious, fearful.
  • feeling as if you’re in a dream world.
  • delusions: odd thoughts or beliefs that are unlikely to be true. For example, you might believe you have won the lottery. You may think your baby is possessed by the devil, or that people are out to get you.
  • hallucinations: you see, hear, feel or smell things that aren’t really there.
Your symptoms can make it hard for you to properly look after yourself or your baby. During a postpartum psychosis you may not understand that you are ill. However, your partner, family or friends will usually know that something is wrong and that help is needed.

Usually in the first two weeks after birth. Often symptoms begin in the first few days after having a baby.2 Less commonly, the illness can start later – several weeks after the baby is born.

Postpartum psychosis is not your fault, and is not caused by anything you or your partner have done.

Several things seem to play a part in postpartum psychosis. Your family history and genetic factors are important6, and you are more likely to have postpartum psychosis if a close relative has had it. No genetic differences in people who have postpartum psychosis have been discovered yet.8

Hormone levels and disturbed sleep patterns may also be involved.1-7 More research is needed on postpartum psychosis, and you can find out about helping with research at Action on Postpartum Psychosis.

You do have a higher risk if you have bipolar disorder type I or schizoaffective disorder, a previous postpartum psychosis yourself, or a history of postpartum psychosis in a close relative (see the table below). 

If you have bipolar type II your risk is likely to be much lower than for bipolar type I 10-12. You may have an increased risk of postpartum psychosis if you have schizophrenia or another psychotic illness 9, 13-14 but this is not as high as for women with bipolar disorder.

DiagnosisOther factorsApproximate risk%
No history of mental illnessNo immediate family history of postpartum psychosis1 in 10000.1% (3)
No history of mental illnessMother or sister had postpartum psychosis3 in 1003.0% (17)

Bipolar disorder type I

or Schizoaffective disorder

No immediate family history

First pregnancy

1 in 520% (6-14)

Bipolar disorder type I

or Schizoaffective disorder

Mother or a sister who has had postpartum psychosis1 in 250% (16)

Bipolar disorder type I

or Schizoaffective disorder

2nd pregnancy - no postpartum psychosis in 1st pregnancy1 in 1010% (12)

Bipolar disorder type I

or Schizoaffective disorder

Previous postpartum psychosis1 in 250% (6,9,11-12)
Previous postpartum psychosis 1 in 250% (6,9,11-12)

Ask your psychiatrist about how these risk factors might apply to you.

Ideally, let your psychiatrist and GP know that you want to get pregnant before you start trying for a baby. You can discuss with them any medications you are taking. They can advise you how to stay as well as possible before becoming pregnant. Your pregnancy may not be planned (many pregnancies aren’t). In that case, let your doctor know as soon as possible.

If you are already pregnant, it’s important that everyone involved in your care knows about any mental illness you have had in the past. This includes your midwife, obstetrician, GP and health visitor. Your mental health team and GP need to know you are pregnant. They all need to know that you have a high risk of postpartum psychosis so that they can arrange the care and support you need. They should help you to make a plan for your care (see below).

Have a look at the things which seem to trigger your episodes of illness – and do whatever you can to deal with them. Can you reduce other stressful things going on in your life? Try to get as much sleep and rest as you can in late pregnancy and after the birth. This can be difficult with a new baby, so ask your partner or family to do some of the night time feeds.

If you are taking medication to stay well, it can be hard to know whether to continue or stop it while you are pregnant. If you have bipolar disorder the risk of postpartum psychosis may be higher if you stop medication. 11,11-12 However, there are no absolutely right and wrong answers here, there are risks involved with all the options. You could think about:

  • Staying on all, or some of, your current medication.
  • Switching to other medications which may be safer in pregnancy.
  • Stopping all your medications.
  • Starting medication in late pregnancy or after delivery.9 This may reduce the risk of becoming ill again. 11You can do this with medications like antipsychotics and lithium.13

Talk these options over with your psychiatrist. This will help you decide what is best for you and your baby.

Preconception (when you are planning a pregnancy)

Ask for specialist advice when you are planning your pregnancy. 13, 14 Your GP can refer you to a perinatal psychiatrist - a doctor who specialises in looking after pregnant and postnatal women with current or previous mental health problems. If there is no local perinatal psychiatrist you should see a general psychiatrist for advice. You should discuss:

  • your risk of developing postpartum psychosis
  • the risks and benefits of medication in pregnancy and after birth. This should give you the information you need to make decisions about your treatment
  • the type of care you can expect in your local area from perinatal mental health and maternity services and how professionals work together with you and your family. See our page on perinatal mental health services.

Care during pregnancy

If you are at high risk of postpartum psychosis, you should have specialist care in pregnancy.14You should be referred to a perinatal mental health service when you find out you are pregnant. (See our page on perinatal mental health services for more information.) If you are already under the care another mental health service they can work together. Your psychiatrist should discuss with you:

  • the risk of becoming unwell in pregnancy or after birth
  • the risks and benefits of medication - they should help you make choices about treatment
  • who will be involved in your care in pregnancy and after birth of your baby.

Ideally you should have a pre-birth planning meeting when you are around 32 weeks pregnant, which involves you and everyone involved in your care. This includes your partner, family or any friends you would like to bring. It also includes mental health professionals, your midwife, obstetrician, health visitor and GP. The aim is to make sure that everyone involved in your care knows about your risk of postpartum psychosis – and that a plan for your care should be agreed.

You should get a copy of your written care plan. This should include early warning symptoms and a plan for your care. There should also be details of how you and your family can get help quickly if you do become unwell.

Care on the maternity unit

Your care in labour will depend on what you and your baby need. The midwives will support you with feeding and caring for your baby.

If you have any symptoms of mental illness, a psychiatrist will see you when you are in hospital.

In some maternity units, you may see a psychiatrist or mental health nurse before you leave hospital, even if you are well. This is to check that you are well at the time you go home. They should also check the plan made at your pre-birth planning meeting. They can make sure you have any medication you need.

Care when you go home from hospital with your baby

Your mental health should be closely monitored. Your midwives, health visitor and mental health nurse should visit you regularly in the first few weeks after your baby is born. If you become unwell, they will see this quickly, so you can get treatment as soon as possible.

You and your family should have emergency contact numbers for local crisis services. See your GP or go to A&E if you, or your partner or family, think you are becoming unwell.

If you think you are becoming unwell don’t wait to seek help. Symptoms can get worse quickly.

Urgent help

If you start to have symptoms of postpartum psychosis, you need to be seen urgently.14 If you have been told, during pregnancy, that you have a high risk of postpartum psychosis, look at your care plan. This should have emergency contact numbers for your mental health team or local crisis service.

If you don’t have this type of plan, or have not had a mental illness before, see your GP urgently (the same day) or go to your local A&E department. If you are told you do not have postpartum psychosis but your symptoms then get worse, go back to be re-assessed.

Most women with postpartum psychosis need to be treated in hospital. Ideally you should be offered a bed in a Mother & Baby Unit (MBU).14 This is a specialist psychiatric unit where mothers with mental illness are admitted with their babies. You will be supported in caring for your baby whilst you have the care and treatment you need. See our page on Mother & Baby Units for more information.

If there is no MBU, bed available, you may have to come into a general psychiatric ward. If that happens, your partner or family will need to care for your baby. If you have nobody else who can look after your baby, social workers can find a temporary carer. This will only be until an MBU bed is available, or until you are well enough to care for your baby yourself. You may prefer to be admitted to a local general ward if the nearest specialist MBU is far from your home.

Medication and breastfeeding

If you have a postpartum psychosis, you will probably need treatment with an antipsychotic ;medication, a mood stabiliser or both13-14,18

You can breastfeed whilst taking some medications.13,14 Discuss the risks and benefits of doing this with your psychiatrist.

You may find that you can’t breastfeed. You may be too unwell, or may have to be in hospital without your baby. You may need a medication which is not safe in breastfeeding. You might feel guilty about being unable to breastfeed - but it’s not your fault, just as the psychosis is not your fault. It’s just important that you have the treatment you need so that you can get better and get on with looking after and enjoying your baby.

You might feel guilty about being unable to breastfeed - but it’s not your fault, just as the psychosis is not your fault. It’s just important that you have the treatment you need so that you can get better and get on with looking after and enjoying your baby.

Help in caring for my baby

During the worst part of your postpartum psychosis you will need practical help to care for your baby – and also help to bond with your baby. Mother and Baby Unit (MBU) staff are trained to support you with every aspect of caring for your baby. If you do not go to an MBU, health visitors and mental health professionals can help and support you at home. There may be a local perinatal or parent-infant mental health service. In some areas, Children’s Centre staff and/or voluntary organisations can also help.

It is normal to lack confidence with your mothering after postpartum psychosis. Remember - most new mothers, who have not had an illness, also feel like this. But, it can be hard to go to mother and baby groups while getting over a postpartum psychosis. Health visitors and community psychiatric nurses can give you one-to-one advice until you feel up to attending groups with other mothers.

Some mothers have difficulty bonding with their babies after an episode of postpartum psychosis. This can be very distressing, but usually doesn’t last long. Most women who have had postpartum psychosis go on to bond well with their babies and have good relationships with them.

Ask your health visitor, or other professional involved in your care, what help is available in your area. Health professionals can support you in learning how to interact with and respond to your baby. You may find baby massage and other groups for new parents helpful.

Care and support for you during recovery

Allow your partner, family or friends to help and support you while you get better (see section on partners below).

You will usually need to have care from a community perinatal mental health service until you fully recover. This team can advise you about treatment and support for you and your family. You may also have a general adult mental health team.

Your health visitor and GP will also continue to support you whilst you recover.

Do ask for advice about contraception. It is a good idea to avoid getting pregnant again too soon after an episode of postpartum psychosis.

No – but some women will be referred to Children and Families Social Services:

  • in pregnancy, if there is a high risk of postpartum psychosis

  • after birth, if a postpartum psychosis develops. 

If this happens, you may worry that people think that you cannot care for your baby. This is not usually the case. The referral and assessment are done to make sure that you get the support you need from family, friends and professionals. It is also done to make sure there is safe plan for your baby, if you become too unwell to care for him/her. Any referral to social services should be discussed with you (unless you are too unwell). See our page on Safeguarding Children.

Some women and their partners worry that, if they seek help for symptoms of mental illness, people will think they can’t care for their baby. On the contrary, seeking help and having treatment shows other people that you are trying to do the best for your baby. 

You may need extra help from family members while you are getting better. If you don’t have any family, or if they can’t do this, social services may be able to help. Social workers can find a temporary carer for your baby if there is no MBU bed.

It is very rare for babies to be removed from women with postpartum psychosis. Although it can take a while, most women recover fully and can care for their babies well.

If your partner has postpartum psychosis, it can be very distressing for you – even frightening or shocking. Do ask for help when your partner first has symptoms. This is particularly important if she does not understand that she is ill.

If your partner is in hospital with the baby, you may feel alone and isolated and frustrated that there is little you can do to help. If you do feel like this, you can get help for yourself from   organisations who can support you during this difficult time (see list at the end of this page).

It is important that home life is as calm and organised as possible. Take time for yourself and prepare for when mum and baby return home. Once your partner and baby are home try to:

  • Be as calm and supportive as you can.
  • Take time to listen to your partner.
  • Help with housework and cooking.
  • Help with looking after the baby.
  • Help with night time feeds as much as possible.
  • Let your partner get as much rest and sleep as possible.
  • Let other family members and friends help with shopping, cooking etc. This will give you more time to spend with your partner and baby.
  • Try not to have too many friends and relatives visiting.
  • Try to keep your home as calm and quiet as possible.

It can be very stressful and tiring when you partner is recovering from postpartum psychosis. Stay healthy by exercising, eating well and getting enough rest. Don’t use drugs or alcohol to cope.

Ask to speak to the Perinatal Psychiatrist or the other staff involved in your partner’s care if you have any concerns or questions. They should be supportive and sympathetic.

Be patient. It takes time for someone to get over an episode of postpartum psychosis.

In the long term, talking about your experiences can help your recovery. Counselling or couple therapy may be helpful for some couples.

For more information, see our page on Postpartum Psychosis for Carers.

It can take 6 -12 months or more to recover from postpartum psychosis. The most severe symptoms tend to last 2 to12 weeks.18 You are likely to recover fully, but you may have another episode in the future.

After a postpartum psychosis, you may feel depressed, anxious and have little social confidence. It can take time to come to terms with what has happened. It’s normal to feel some sadness for missing out on some parts of early motherhood. It can take time to rebuild confidence in relationships and friendships, but most women get back to feeling like their usual selves again.

It can help to tell your family and friends about how you feel. See about getting expert help from a psychologist, psychotherapist or counsellor. For advice on practical steps that can be taken during recovery, see the recovery guide produced by Action on Postpartum Psychosis.

Will I get postpartum psychosis again after a future pregnancy?

Many women who have had postpartum psychosis go on to have more children, but there is a high risk of having another episode. About 1 in 2 (50%) women who have had postpartum psychosis will have this again after the birth of another baby.6,8,11,12 With the right care, if you have another episode, you should be able to get help quickly.

Am I likely to have an episode of psychiatric illness at other times?

Over half of women with postpartum psychosis will have a further episode of illness not related to childbirth.6 Avoiding having further babies does not guarantee that you will stay well.

Although postpartum psychosis can be frightening for you and your family, with the right help you can recover fully and enjoy your baby.

Action on Postpartum Psychosis

A network of women across the UK who have experienced postpartum psychosis. They aim to increase public awareness and promote research into the condition. Run by a team made up of academics, health professionals and women who have recovered from postpartum psychosis. Tel: 020 3322 900; email: app@app-network.org

The Association for Postnatal Illness (APNI)

Tel: 020 7386 0868 Telephone helpline and information leaflets for women with postnatal mental illness. Also a network of volunteers (telephone and postal) who have experienced postnatal mental illness. Email: info@apni.org

Pandas Foundation

An organisation that helps individuals and their families with pre- and postnatal depression advice and support.  They also offer support to families in the antenatal period. Helpline (open 9am to 8pm) 0843 2898401.

Postpartum Progress

Widely read blog about postnatal mental illness. Email:  help@postpartumprogress.org

Bipolar Education Programme Cymru

Information about pregnancy and childbirth for women with bipolar disorder, including an online interactive module. Email: info@ncmh.info

Further Reading

  • The following are personal accounts of postpartum psychosis which some women may find helpful:
  • Eyes without Sparkle by Elaine Hanzak
  • Saving Grace: My journey & survival through postnatal depression by Grace Sharrock
  • Out of me: the story of a Postnatal Breakdown by Fiona Shaw
  • Understanding Postpartum Psychosis: A Temporary Madness by Teresa Twomey
  • Hillbilly Gothic: A Memoir of Madness and Motherhood by Adrienne Martini

  1. Di Florio A, Smith S, Jones I. Postpartum Psychosis. Obstet Gynaecol. 2013; 15:145-50.
  2. Heron J, McGuinness M, Blackmore ER, Craddock N, Jones I. Early postpartum symptoms in puerperal psychosis. BJOG 2008; 115 : 348–53.
  3. VanderKruik R, Barreix M, Chou D, Allen T, Say L, Cohen LS. VanderKruik et al. The global prevalence of postpartum psychosis: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2017; 17 :272.
  4. Henshaw C. Mood disturbance in the early puerperium: a review. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2003; 6 :S33-42.
  5. Woody C, Ferrari A, Siskind D, Whiteford H, Harris M. A systematic review and meta-regression of the prevalence and incidence of perinatal depression. J Affect Disord. 2017; 219 : 86-92.
  6. Blackmore ER, Rubinow DR, O'Connor TG, Liu X, Tang W, Craddock N, Jones I. Reproductive outcomes and risk of subsequent illness in women diagnosed with postpartum psychosis. Bipolar Disord. 2013;15 :394-404.
  7. Jones I, Craddock N. Do puerperal psychotic episodes identify a more familial subtype of bipolar disorder? Results of a family history study. Psychiatr Genet. 2002;12 :177–80.
  8. Di Florio A, L. Payne J, M. Osborne L, Genetic basis for postpartum psychosis, Biomarkers of Postpartum Psychiatric Disorders, Academic Press, 2020, 149-158
  9. Jones I, Chandra PS, Dazzan P, Howard LM. Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period. Lancet. 2014; 384 : 1789-99.
  10. Di Florio A, Forty L, Gordon-Smith K, Heron J, Jones L, Craddock N, Jones I. Perinatal Episodes across the Mood Disorder Spectrum. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70:168-75.
  11. Wesseloo R, Kamperman AM, Munk-Olsen T, Pop VJ, Kushner SA, Bergink V. Risk of Postpartum Relapse in Bipolar Disorder and Postpartum Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173:117-27.
  12. Di Florio A, Gordon-Smith K, Forty L, Kosorok MR, Fraser C, Perry A et al. Stratification of the risk of bipolar disorder recurrences in pregnancy and postpartum.Br J Psychiatry. 2018; 213 : 542-547.
  13. McAllister-Williams RH, Baldwin DS, Cantwell R, Easter A, Gilvarry E, Glover V et al. British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus guidance on the use of psychotropic medication preconception, in pregnancy and postpartum.  J Psychopharmacol. 2017; 31: 519-552.
  14. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2014) Antenatal and postnatal mental health: Clinical management and service guidance. NICE Guidelines CG192.
  15. Munk-Olsen T, Jones IR, Laursen TM. Birth order and postpartum psychiatric disorders. Bipolar Disorders. 2014; 16 : 300-7.
  16. Jones I, Craddock N. Familiality of the puerperal trigger in bipolar disorder: results of a family study. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158 : 913–17.
  17. Dean C, Williams RJ, Brockington IF.Is puerperal psychosis the same as bipolar manic-depressive disorder? A family study. Psychol Med. 1989;19 :637-47.
  18. Bergink V, Burgerhout KM, Koorengevel KM, Kamperman AM, Hoogendijk WJ, Lambregtse-van den Berg MP, Kushner SA. Treatment of psychosis and mania in the postpartum period Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172 :115-23.

Produced by the RCPsych Public Engagement Editorial Board
 
  • Expert review: Dr Lucinda Green, Dr Jess Heron and Dr Ian Jones.
  • User and Carer input: Nicola Muckelroy, Action on Postpartum Psychosis
  • Series Editor: Dr Phil Timms  
  • Series Manager: Thomas Kennedy

Published: Nov 2018

Review due: Nov 2021

© Royal College of Psychiatrists